英文合同翻譯

　　合同文件是合同雙方簽訂并必須遵守的法律文件，因此合同中的語言應體現其權威性。英文合同用語的特點之一就表現在用詞上，即選擇那些法律用詞，以及正式用詞，使合同表達的意思準確無誤，達到雙方對合同中使用的詞無可爭議的程度。

　　一、hereby

　　英文釋義：by means of , by reason of this

　　中文譯詞：特此、因此、茲。

　　用法：常用于法律文件、合同、協議書等正式文件的開頭語;在條款中需要強調時也可用。

　　語法：一般置于主語后，緊鄰主語。

　　例1：The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.

　　注釋：(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此;(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立約、簽訂合同、條約;n. legal agreement具有法律約束的正式合同;(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工;(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中;(5)the Contract Price: 合同總價，指工程的總造價;(6)such...as: 關系代詞，相當于that, which;(7)under: in accordance with 根據，按照;(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同條款例。

　　參考譯文: 業主特此立約保證在合同規定的期限內，按合同規定的方式向承包人支付合同價，或合同規定的其它應支付的款項，以作為本工程施工、竣工及修補工程中缺陷的報酬。

　　例2：We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.

　　注釋：(1)hereby：特此;(2)to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know據我們所知;(3)foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述聲明;(4)herein：in this, in the statement在聲明中;(5)documentary proof：證明文件例。

　　參考譯文：特此證明，據我們所知，上述聲明內容真實，正確無誤，并提供了全部現有的資料和數據，我們同意，應貴方要求出具證明文件。

　　例3：This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.

　　注釋：(1)hereby：特此;(2)hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下稱甲方;(3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基礎上;(4)through amicable consultation：通過友好協商。

　　參考譯文：本合同雙方，***公司(以下稱甲方)與***公司(以下稱乙方)，在平等互利基礎上，通過友好協商，于 年 月 日在中國 (地點)，特簽訂本合同。

　　例4：This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).

　　注釋：(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此訂立本協議在法律文件中表示“訂立本協議”可用以下4個動詞：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同義詞連用的寫作特點，可用上述4個動詞中的兩個來表示)。(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下簡稱乙方

　　參考譯文：本協議特由中國 公司(以下簡稱甲方)與 公司(以下簡稱乙方)于 年 月 日訂立。

　　二、hereof

　　英文釋義：of this

　　中文譯詞：關于此點;在本文件中

　　用法：在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示本合同條件、條款時，可以說“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，這里hereof表示“of this Works”。

　　語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。hereof和thereof的區別：hereof強調“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract;“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

　　例1：Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.

　　注釋：(1)Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，whether… or not：不論……是否;(2)the owner of the goods：貨方;(3)without interruption：無間斷地;(4)carrier：承運人;(5)in default on the provisions hereof：違反本款規定 hereof：of this Clause。

　　參考譯文：不論港口習慣是否與本款規定相反，貨方都應晝夜地，包括星期日和假日(如承運人需要)，無間斷地提供和提取貨物。貨方對違反本款規定所引起的所有損失或損壞，包括滯期應負擔賠償責任。

　　例2：Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.

　　注釋：(1)foreign trade dealers：對外貿易經營者;(2)as mentioned in this Law：本法所稱;(3)the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law：本法規定;(4)legal entity：法人;(5)be engaged in foreign trade dealings：從事對外貿易經營活動。

　　參考譯文：本法所稱對外貿易經營者，是指依照本法規定從事對外貿易經營活動的法人和其他組織。

　　例3：The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.

　　注釋：(1)a limited liability company：有限責任公司;(2)a company limited by shares：股份有限公司;(3)provisions hereof：本法規定 hereof: of this Law;(4)may be registered as：登記為。

　　參考譯文：設立有限責任公司、股份有限公司，必須符合本法規定的條件。符合本法規定的條件的，登記為有限責任公司或者股份有限公司;不符合本法規定的條件的，不得登記為有限責任公司或股份有限公司。

　　例4：If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform. his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.

　　注釋：(1)as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因;(2)arbitrator：仲裁員;(3)the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法規定;(4)be selected or appointed：選定或指定。

　　參考譯文：仲裁員因回避或者其它原因不能履行職責的，應當依照本法規定重新選定或指定仲裁員。

　　例5：In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.

　　注釋：(1)conflict：相抵觸：(2)prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前：(3) the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法為準 hereof：of this Law。

　　參考譯文：本法施行前制定的有關仲裁的規定與本法的規定相抵觸的，以本法為準。

　　例6：Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance (s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is/are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.

　　Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations. The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.

　　注釋：(1)the organization with compensatory obligations：賠償義務機關;(2)shall pay compensation：應當給予賠償;(3)the claimant for compensation：賠償請求人;(4)Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五條、第十六條 hereof：of this Law;(5)shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有權申訴;(6)claims compensation：要求賠償;(7)apply to/ in：適用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.

　　參考譯文：賠償義務機關對依法確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定的情形之一的，應當給予賠償。

　　賠償請求人要求確認有本法第十五條、第十六條規定情形之一的，被要求的機關不予確認的，賠償請求人有權申訴。賠償請求人要求賠償，應當先向賠償義務機關提出。賠償程序適用本法第十條、第十一條、第十二條的規定。

　　例7：If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.

　　注釋：(1)arbitrator：仲裁員;(2)Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八條;hereof：of this Law;(3)bear the legal liability and responsibility：承擔法律責任;(4)the arbitration commission：仲裁委員會;(5)remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：將其除名。

　　參考譯文：仲裁員有本法第三十四條第四項規定的情形，情節嚴重的，或者有本法第五十八條第六項規定的情形的，應當依法承擔法律責任，仲裁委員會應當將其除名。

　　例8：If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.

　　注釋：(1)the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行審批職責的有關主管部門;(2)meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法條件;(3)the company registration authorities：負責公司登記的主管部門;(4)the requirements hereof：本法條件;hereof: of this Law;(5)apply for reconsideration：申請復議;(6)bring an administrative suit：提起行政訴訟。

　　參考譯文：依照本法，履行審批職責的有關主管部門，對符合本法條件的申請不予批準，或負責公司登記的主管部門不予登記，當事人可以依法申請復議或者提起行政訴訟。

　　例9：This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.

　　注釋：(1)the crimes committed：犯罪行為;(2)against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定;hereof: of this Decision。

　　參考譯文：有限責任公司、股份有限公司以外的企業職工有本決定第九條、第十條、第十一條規定的犯罪行為的，適用本決定。

　　例10：Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.

　　Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.

　　注釋：(1) companies registered：已登記成立的公司;(2)the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限責任公司規范意見》;(3)the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司規范意見》;(4)the relevant responsible department of the State Council國務院有關主管部門;(5)in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由國務院另行規定。

　　參考譯文：本法施行前已登記成立的公司，應依照法律、行政法規、地方性法規和國務院有關主管部門制定的《有限責任公司規范意見》，和《股份有限公司規范意見》，繼續保留。

　　其中不完全具備本法規定的條件的，應當在規定的期限內達到本法規定的條件。具體實施辦法，由國務院另行規定。

　　例11：Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.

　　注釋：(1)unfair competition：不正當競爭;(2)business operators：經營者;(3)contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定;the provisions hereof：本法規定;hereof：of this Law;(4)the lawful rights and interests：合法權益;(5)disturbing the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序。

　　參考譯文：本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。

　　三、hereto

　　英文釋義：to this

　　中文譯詞：至此，在此上。

　　用法：在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”時，使用該詞。例如表示“本合同雙方”，可以說“the Parties hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Contract”;表示“本協議附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，這里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。

　　語法：一般置于要修飾的名詞的后面，與之緊鄰。hereto和thereto的區別：同前面所言hereof和thereof的區別類似，hereto強調的是“to this”。

　　例1：All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.

　　注釋：(1)the performance of this Contract：履行本合同;(2)through amicable negotiations：友好協商;(3)the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同雙方;(4)shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交進行仲裁;(5)the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會(北京);(6)the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁規則;(7)the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁決;(8)unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

　　參考譯文：對于因履行本合同所發生的一切爭議，本合同雙方應友好協商解決，如協商無法解決爭議，則應將爭議提交中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會(北京)，依據其仲裁規則進行仲裁。仲裁裁決是終局性的，對雙方都有約束力。仲裁費用應由敗訴方承擔，但仲裁委員會另有裁定的除外。

　　例2：“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.

　　注釋：(1)patented technology：專利技術;(2)patent：專利;(3)application for the patent：專利申請;(4)may have the right to control：可能有權控制的;(5)permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何國家許可轉讓;(6)Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同雙方規定的本合同產品;hereto: to this Contract。

　　參考譯文：“專利技術”，系指乙方目前擁有的或未來獲得的，或乙方有權或可能有權控制的，或在本合同有效期間在世界任何國家許可轉讓的，適用于或可能適用制造本合同雙方規定的本合同產品的專利和專利申請。

　　例3：“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing equipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.

　　注釋：(1)technical documents：技術資料;(2)the data and the information：資料;(3)engineering：工程;(4)manufacturing：制造;(5)original information：原始資料;(6)blueprint：藍本;(7)design sheets：設計圖表;(8)material specifications：材料規格;(9)photostats：影印資料;(10)general data：一般資料;(11)design and their specifications relating to manufacturing equipment, tools and facilities：與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的設計及其說明書。

　　參考譯文：“技術資料”系指列于附件1與制造和維修合同產品有關的工程、制造及原始資料，包括與制造設備、工具和裝置有關的圖紙、藍本、設計圖表、材料規格、照片、影印資料和一般資料、設計及其說明書等，但上述資料僅限于乙方擁有的資料和甲方用于本合同業務活動的資料。

　　例4：If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.

　　注釋：(1)audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帳目;(2)Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款;(3)the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具體的查帳內容和程序;(4)Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4;hereto：to this Contract。

　　參考譯文：乙方如需查核甲方的帳目時，應在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款規定開出的書面通知后10天之內通知甲方，其具體的查帳內容和程序詳見本合同附件4。

　　例5：The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.

　　The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.

　　注釋：(1)either Party hereto：本協議各方(不譯成“one Party hereto);(2)improvement, modification, further invention or design：改進、修正、更新本發明或設計;(3)discover, make or develop：開發;(4)manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生產及裝配許可證產品或部件;(5)file application for Letter Patent：申請專利;(6)take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保護程序;the same: Letter Patent;(7)any patent arising therefrom：由此產生的專利;(8)consistent with this agreement：與本協議不相矛盾。

　　參考譯文：本協議各方同意，一方對于有關生產及裝配許可證產品或部件所做的改進、修正、更新發明或設計均應立即全部通知另一方。

　　開發改進的一方可以自負費用并以自身名義申請專利或采取其它必要的法律保護程序，由此產生的專利將屬于該方所有。在本協議的有效期內，另一方可以與本協議不相矛盾的方式無償使用和銷售利用改進、修正、更新本發明或設計(無論其是否取得專利權)生產的產品。

　　例6：The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).

　　注釋：(1)certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務;(2)the technical assistance agreement：技術服務協議;(3)Appendix 2 hereto：本協議附件2;hereto：to this Agreement。

　　參考譯文：本協議雙方同意Y將向FCAM提供有關生產產品的許可證和技術服務，FCAM和Y將訂立技術服務協議并作為本協議附件2(以下稱作“技術服務協議”)。

　　例7：The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.

　　注釋：(1)to the maximum extent practicably possible：盡實際可能最大限度地;(2)data on management and financial information：管理和財務信息材料;(3)prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好會計和財務帳目;(4)available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以備本協議各方的檢查或審計;either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本協議雙方;inspection：檢查;audit：審計。

　　參考譯文：本協議雙方同意保證FCAM將盡實際可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式樣，用于FCAM向協議各方提供管理和財務信息材料;并且FCAM應建好會計和財務帳目以備協議雙方的檢查或審計。

　　例8：The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.

　　注釋：(1)Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本協議雙方授權的董事會;hereto：to this Agreement;(2)to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM;administrate：行政管理;manage：業務管理;(3)the overall business management plan of the company：公司整體經營計劃;(4)monitor the execution of the plan in question：監督該計劃的執行;(5)review and approval：審閱和批準。

　　參考譯文：本協議雙方同意授權管理FCAM的董事會對公司整體經營計劃的報批和監督執行負責。該經營計劃需要提交協議雙方審閱和批準。

　　例9：The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.

　　注釋：(1)specialized machinery and equipment：特定機器設備;equipment：(單數形式)設備;(2)determined through mutual consultation：協商決定;(3)the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技術訣竅;(4)terms and conditions：條件;(5)(such…) as：作關系代詞，意為which, that。

　　參考譯文：本協議雙方同意并將使FCAM同意Y將向FCAM出售，FCAM從Y購買經過Y和FCAM協商決定的特定機器設備，以保證根據技術服務協議由Y向FCAM提供的技術訣竅得到有效使用，并以協議雙方同意的價格和條件成交。

　　例10：The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.

　　注釋：(1)the termination of this Contract：本合同期滿;(2)outstanding claims and liabilities：未了債務;(3)debtor：債務人;(4)creditor：債權人。

　　參考譯文：本合同期滿時，雙方之間發生的未了債務不受合同期滿的影響，債務人應向債權人繼續支付未了債務。

　　四、herein

　　英文釋義：in this

　　中文譯詞：此中，于此。

　　用法：表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……，本法(中)的……”等時，使用該詞。如表示“本法(中)所稱的不正當競爭”，可譯為“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此處herein表示“in this Law”;表示“本協議(中)內容”，譯為“the Contents herein”，此處herein表示“in this Agreement”。

　　語法：置于所修飾詞后，緊鄰所修飾詞。

　　例1：Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order. Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goods including services).

　　注釋：(1)unfair competition：不正當競爭;(2)mentioned in this Law：本法所稱;(3)refer to：是指;(4)contravene the provisions hereof：違反本法規定;(5)damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：損害其他經營者的合法權益;(6)disturb the socio-economic order：擾亂社會經濟秩序;(7)business operators mentioned herein：本法所稱的經營者 ;herein：in this Law;(8)engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：從事商品經營或營利性服務;engage in：從事;be engaged in：忙于。

　　參考譯文：本法所稱的不正當競爭，是指經營者違反本法規定，損害其他經營者的合法權益，擾亂社會經濟秩序的行為。本法所稱的經營者，是指從事商品經營或營利性服務(以下所稱商品包括服務)的法人、其他經濟組織和個人。

　　例2：This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy. Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.

　　注釋：(1)this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：茲制定本法;(2) maintain the foreign trade order：維護對外貿易秩序;(3)promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展;(4)foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所稱對外貿易;herein：in this Law;(5)the international trade in services：國際服務貿易。

　　參考譯文：為了發展對外貿易，維護對外貿易秩序，促進社會主義市場經濟的健康發展，茲制定本法。本法所稱對外貿易，是指貨物進出口、技術進出口和國際服務貿易。

　　例3：The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.

　　注釋：(1)mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所稱;(2)limited liability company：有限責任公司;(3)company limited by shares：股份有限公司;(4)within the territory of China：在中國境內。

　　參考譯文：本法所稱公司是指依照本法在中國境內設立的有限責任公司和股份有限公司。

　　例4：Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated. Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.

　　注釋：(1)illegal gains：違法所得;(2)shall be confiscated：應當予以沒收;(3)the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision，本決定規定;(4)illegal gains to be confiscated：被沒收違法所得;(5)a fine imposed on：判處罰金;(6)property forfeited：沒收財產;(7)a civil compensation assumed by：承擔民事賠償責任。

　　參考譯文：犯本決定規定之罪有違法所得的，應當予以沒收。犯本決定規定之罪，被沒收違法所得、判處罰金、沒收財產、承擔民事責任的，其財產不足以支付時，先承擔民事賠償責任。

　　例5：The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).

　　注釋：(1)“FOB”(free on board)(…Named port of shipment)：船上交貨(…<指定裝運港>);(2)“CFR”(Cost and Freight)(…Named port of destination)：成本加運費(…<指定目的港>);(3)“CIF”(Cost, Insurance and Freight)(…Named port of destination)：成本、保險費加運費(……<指定目的港>);(4)the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000)：《國際貿易術語解釋通則(INCOTERMS)2000》。

　　參考譯文：除非本合同另有規定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均應依照國際商會制定的《國際貿易術語解釋通則(INCOTERMS)2000》辦理。

　　例6：Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.

　　注釋：(1)unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明確表示;herein：in this Agreement;(2)dispute：爭議;(3)controversy：糾紛;(4)difference：歧意;(5)the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本協議雙方;(6)any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何違約及過失;(7)including but not limited to：包括，但不限于;(8)the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁條款有效性;arbitration clause 仲裁條款。

　　參考譯文：除非另有明確表示，則由于執行本協議所引發或與本協議有關的協議雙方的所有爭議、糾紛或歧意，以及任何違約及過失(包括，但不限于有關本協議存續的爭議，仲裁條款有效性的爭議)，如不能以友好協商的方式解決，則提交仲裁。

　　例7：The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.

　　注釋：(1)the Agent：correspondent bank，代理行;(2)pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同規定的條件;herein：in this Contract;(3)on the Disbursement Date：在付款日;(4)credit the funds received：貸記入所收資金;(5)the Borrower：借款人。

　　參考譯文：代理行應按照本合同規定的條件，在付款日將所收資金貸記入借款人根據2.2款指定的帳戶。

　　例8：All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.

　　注釋：(1)cumulative：累加的;(2)shall not be exclusive of：并不排除;(3)privilege：特權;(4)remedy：補救方法;(5)provided for by laws：法律規定的。

　　參考譯文：本合同規定的各項權利是累加的，并不排除法律規定的其它權利、權力、特權或補救方法。

　　例9：Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows:

　　注釋：(1)Now Therefore：據此;(2)the consideration：對價。對價是對一項允諾(promise)的回報。例如，甲方允諾向乙方提供若干數量的貨物，乙方同意付給甲方一定數目的貨款，該貨款便構成甲方允諾的對價。在經過要約(offer)與承諾(acceptance)的基礎上，只有那些擁有對價的允諾才被認作合同，得到法律的保護和執行。(3)the contents herein：本協議內容;herein：in this Agreement。

　　參考譯文：據此，以本協議雙方相互承諾為對價，就下述內容達成一致：

　　例10：The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments. All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes. The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.

　　注釋：(1)the obligations of making all payments：支付義務;(2)reimbursement：償付;(3)be free and clear of any other charges：不附帶其它費用;(4)exempt from all taxes：是免稅的;(5)pay all taxes as provided for herein：承擔全部本協議規定的稅務;herein：in this Agreement。

　　參考譯文：借款人應按照本協議和票據完成所有支付義務。向銀行的償付應是不附帶其它費用并且是免稅的，而且銀行所收到的償付款項不含任何稅務。借款人應按本協議承擔全部本協議規定的稅務。

　　五、hereinafter

　　英文釋義：later in the same Contract

　　中文譯詞：以下，在下文。

　　語法：一般與referred to as, called等詞組連用，以避免重復，置于這些詞組前面，與之緊鄰。

　　例1：In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.

　　注釋：(1)in accordance with：under 根據;(2)Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures：中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法;(3)Hereinafter：以下;(4)articles of association：合營公司章程(條款);(5)hereby：特此;(6)formulate：prepare 制訂。

　　參考譯文：根據《中華人民共和國中外合資經營企業法》以及由 公司(以下稱甲方)與 公司(以下稱乙方)所訂的合資經營的合同，特制訂本公司章程。

　　例2：Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China: (1) subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign banks); (2) branches of foreign bank in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches); (3) banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks); (4) finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China (hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies); and (5) finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions (hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).

　　注釋：(1)financial institution：金融機構;(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China：總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行。在中譯英時，這里的“外國資本銀行”，應理解成“外資銀行的子銀行”，英文為subsidiary banks，而不能簡單地譯成foreign banks，因為很少有一家外國銀行把自己的總部搬到國外，但在境外設立子銀行、子公司是經常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks：以下簡稱外資銀行。(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches：以下簡稱外資銀行分行。(5)finance company：財務公司，這里應理解為金融公司，是指在商業銀行以外的專門從事抵押放款業務的金融企業。如果中文為會計事務所，則要譯成：accounting firm。(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies：以下簡稱外資財務公司。(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies：以下簡稱合資財務公司。

　　參考譯文：本條例所稱外資金融機構，是指依照中華人民共和國有關法律、法規的規定，經批準在中國境內設立和營業的下列金融機構：(一)總行在中國境內的外國資本銀行(以下簡稱外資銀行)(二)外國銀行在中國境內的分行(以下簡稱外資銀行分行)(三)外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的銀行(以下簡稱合資銀行)(四)總公司在中國境內的外國資本的財務公司(以下簡稱外資財務公司)(五)外國的金融機構同中國的金融機構在中國境內合資經營的財務公司(以下簡稱合資財務公司)

　　例3：When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises (hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”) apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.

　　注釋：(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures：已設立的中外合資經營企業，即現有的中外合資經營企業;(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture：中外合作經營企業;(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises：外資企業;(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”：以下簡稱外商投資企業;(5)shall have a record of making profits：應有盈利紀錄。

　　參考譯文：已設立的中外合資經營企業、中外合作經營企業，外資企業(以下稱為外商投資企業)，如申請轉變為公司的，應有最近連續3年的盈利紀錄。

　　例4：To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC) for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.

　　注釋：(1)the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation (hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)：對外貿易經濟合作部(以下簡稱外經貿部);(2)the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities：外經貿部門;(3)municipalities directly under the Central Government：直轄市;(4)the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan：計劃單列市。

　　參考譯文：申請設立投資公司，投資者應將下列文件經擬設立投資公司所在地的省、自治區、直轄市、計劃單列市外經貿部門審核同意后，報對外貿易經濟合作部(以下簡稱外經貿部)審查批準。

　　例5：These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as the Company Law) in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.

　　注釋：(1)these Regulations are formulated and prepared：制定本條例;prepare：制定;(2)the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China：《中華人民共和國公司法》;(3)hereinafter referred to as the Company Law：以下簡稱《公司法》;(4)to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies：確認公司的企業法人資格;(5)standardize the registration activities of companies：規范公司登記行為。

　　參考譯文：為了確認公司的企業法人資格，規范公司登記行為，依據《中華人民共和國公司法》(以下簡稱《公司法》)，制定本條例。

　　例6：In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals (hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders) and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations (hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders) may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment (hereinafter referred to as the Company).

　　注釋：(1)to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange：進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流;(2)to absorb foreign investment：引進外資;(3)to promote the development of socialist market economy：促進社會主義市場經濟的發展;(4) hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders：以下簡稱外國股東;foreign shareholders：外國股東;(5)hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders：以下簡稱中國股東;(6)within the territory of China：在中國境內;(7)a company limited by shares with foreign investment：外商投資股份有限公司。

　　參考譯文：為進一步擴大國際經濟合作和技術交流，引進外資，促進社會主義市場經濟的發展，外國的公司、企業和其他經濟組織或個人(以下簡稱外國股東)，按照平等互利的原則，可與中國的公司、企業或其他經濟組織(以下簡稱中國股東)在中國境內共同舉辦外商投資股份有限公司(以下簡稱公司)。

　　例7：In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies (hereinafter referred to as “investment company”) in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.

　　注釋：(1)to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise：引進國外先進技術和管理經驗;(2)to establish investment company：設立投資公司;(3)hereinafter referred to as “investment company”：以下簡稱投資公司;(4)the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment：中國有關外國投資的法律、法規。

　　參考譯文：為了促進外國投資者來華投資，引進國外先進技術和管理經驗，允許外國投資者根據中國有關外國投資的法律、法規及本規定，在中國設立投資公司(以下簡稱投資公司)。

　　例8：These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities (hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).

　　注釋：(1)these Detailed Rules：本實施細則;(2)apply (to)：vi. 適用于;More Examples：The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /That argument does not apply in this case. /The comment applies equally here.(3)the resident representative offices：常駐代表機構;(4)shipping agents：貨運代理商;(5)consultant company：咨詢公司;(6)advertising agency：廣告公司;(7)leasing company：租賃公司;(8)hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”：以下簡稱外國企業。

　　參考譯文：本實施細則適用于外國貿易商、制造廠商、貨運代理商、承包商、咨詢公司、廣告公司、投資公司、租賃公司和其他經濟貿易組織(以下簡稱外國企業)在中華人民共和國境內設立的常駐代表機構。

　　例9：A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations (hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce (hereinafter called the “registration authorities) of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically (separately) listed in the State Economic Plan.

　　注釋：(1)its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations：其授權的對外經濟貿易委員會;(2)hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities：以下簡稱審批機關 Examination-Approval Authorities：審批機關;(3)register with：辦理登記手續;(4)the State Administration for Industry and Commerce：國家工商行政管理局;(5)its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce：其授權的(各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市)工商行政管理局。

　　參考譯文：外國企業申請在中華人民共和國境內成立常設代表機構，應經對外貿易經濟合作部或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市對外經濟貿易委員會(廳)(以下簡稱審批機關)批準，并在中華人民共和國國家工商行政管理局或其授權的各省、自治區、直轄市及計劃單列市工商行政管理局(以下簡稱登記機關)辦理登記手續。

　　六、therein

　　英文釋義：in that; in that particular; in that respect

　　中文譯詞：在那里;在那點上，在那方面

　　用法：在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……，工程中的……”等時使用。例如表示“修補工程中的缺陷”：“the remedying of any defects therein”，此處therein表示“in the Works”;表示“用于工程中的材料或機械設備”：“materials or plant for incorporation therein”，這里的therein表示“in the Works”。

　　語法：置于所修飾詞后,緊鄰修飾詞。

　　例1：“Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.

　　注釋：(1)Temporary Works：臨時工程，是指為永久工程服務的工程，永久工程建成后應予以拆除。建造臨時工程的費用，按國際FIDIC合同條件規定，應由承包人負責。(2)Defects：缺陷，表示工程施工出現的問題，即工程本身存在的問題，而不是因業主使用不當造成的。(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein：工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷。建造一項工程一般分成兩個階段進行，工程設計、施工、竣工為第一階段，修補工程中任何缺陷為第二階段，因此此句中的第一個and是對的，表示建造工程的兩個階段。

　　參考譯文：臨時工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修補工程中任何缺陷時需要或與上述工程階段有關的所有各種臨時工程，但承包人的設備除外。

　　例2：The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by:

　　注釋：(1)the prior consent of the Employer：業主的事先同意。注意：consent只有單數形式，表示同意。(2)assign：轉讓;(3)therein：in the contract;thereunder：under the contract;(4)otherwise than by：但下列情況除外。也可寫成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:

　　參考譯文：沒有業主的事先同意，承包人不得將合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好處進行轉讓，但下列情況除外：

　　例3：This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein. This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.

　　注釋：(1)Note：期票，即借據，票據;(2)loan agreement：貸款協議;(3)be entitled to all the benefits：享有(貸款協議規定的)全部利益;(4)advance payment：預付;(5)default：違約;(6)in the event of default：因違約。

　　參考譯文：本期票是貸款協議中所指的期票，享有貸款協議規定的全部利益，是指貸款協議中規定的預付、違約及因違約提前到期的權利和義務。

　　例4：A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form. set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.

　　注釋：(1)a certificate of the borrower：借款人說明書;(2)comply with：遵照;(3)the attachments specified therein：附錄4規定的附件;therein：in Appendix 4。

　　參考譯文：借款人證明書，其格式基本上應遵照附錄4規定的格式及其規定的附件。

　　例5：If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.

　　注釋：(1)exemption：免征稅款;(2)local authorities：地方當局;(3)any political subdivision：任何下屬政府分支機構;(4)taxing authorities thereof or therein：地方當局的稅收當局;therein：in local authorities;(5)under the Contract：根據合同規定;(6)shall be due：應予以征收的;(7)the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question：證明上述免稅文件;in question：上述。

　　參考譯文：任何時候，如果由當地或其任何政府分支機構或稅收當局，對任何根據合同規定所支付費用應予以征收的稅款，不論什么性質，現在或將來，凡可以免征的，借款人應及時向代理行遞交一份證明上述免稅文件的副本。

　　例6：Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises (hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.

　　注釋：(1)the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises：中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法。(2) at the rates provided for therein：按稅法規定的稅率;therein：in the Tax Law

　　參考譯文：在《中華人民共和國外商投資企業和外國企業所得稅法》(以下簡稱稅法)公布前已經辦理工商登記的外商投資企業，該企業應按稅法規定的稅率繳納所得稅。

　　例7：Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.

　　注釋：(1)the Borrower：借款人;(2)to make the borrowings：借貸資金;(3)to execute and deliver the Note：簽署票據;(4)to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein：承擔由此產生的義務;therein：in the Note;(5)all the actions in question：上述全部行為;(6)legal person：法人。

　　參考譯文：借款人有充分的權力訂立本協議，借貸資金、簽署票據并承擔由此而產生的義務，上述全部行為均應經法人適當和必需的授權。

　　例8：The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition. Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.

　　注釋：(1)leasee：承租人;(2)keep the commodity in good condition：維持商品的良好狀況;(3)provided that：除非，表示進一步規定;(4)leasor：出租人;(5)to lodge claims against the Leasor：向出租人提出賠償;(6)any losses occurred therein：因此所遭受的損失 therein：in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出現的故障。

　　參考譯文：承租人必須自負費用維持商品的良好狀況;除非由出租人對商品的故障負責，承租人則有權向出租人提出賠償因之所遭受的損失。

　　例9：When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons (drawers) by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof. If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.

　　注釋：(1)documents：shipping documents貨運單據;(2)transport documents：運輸單據;(3)insurance documents：insurance policies保險單據;(4)commercial invoice：商業發票;(5)the credit：the letter of credit 信用證;(6)drawer：出單人;(7)the wording therein：the wording in the documents 其措辭;(8)data content thereof：data content of the documents 項目內容;(9)referred to in the credit：信用證中所述的。

　　參考譯文：當信用證要求運輸單據、保險單據和商業發票以外的單據時，信用證應規定該單據的出單人及其措辭或項目內容。如信用證雖無此規定，但提交的單據的項目內容可能證實與信用證中所述的貨物及/或服務有關聯，則銀行將予接受。

　　例10：If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, r