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  • 手性分析;中藥與天然藥物質量控制;有機小分子及體內藥物分析;多肽及反義核酸藥物研究與評價

    【Original】如何測定手性化合物的光學純度(一)

    上一篇 / 下一篇  2008-10-28 23:00:24

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    如何測定手性化合物的光學純度——比旋光度(o.p.)的測定

    手性分子能夠把平面偏振光旋轉到一定的角度,各對映體使其數值相同但方向相反,這種性質即光學活性。若是消旋體,兩個異構體的量剛好相等,表現出來的卻是無光學活性。同樣,如果一個對映體的量超過了另一個,該手性化合物就有可能顯示出光學活性。測定手性分子各對映異構體的組成(相對含量),對于開展不對稱催化、手性藥物合成等方面的研究具有十分重要的意義。對映體的純度是手性質控的重要指標,可以通過測定旋光度/比旋度來反映對映體的光學純度。

    什么是光學純度?

    光學純度(optical purity)是衡量旋光性樣品中一個對映體超過另一個對映體的量的量度。若一個純的光學活性物質是100%的一種對映異構體,那么一個外消旋體的光學純度則為0。如某旋光性樣品是由一個對映體R-和S-異構體組成,R-異構體含量為30%,S-異構體的含量為70%,其光學純度則為40%。樣品中有多余40%的S-異構體,而樣品中有60%是外消旋體。

    如何測量旋光度?

    可以用旋光儀來測定旋光性物質的旋光度和旋光方向。旋光儀主要由一個鈉光源、兩個尼科爾棱鏡和一個盛有測試樣品的盛液管組成(見圖2.28)。普通光先經過一個固定不動的棱鏡(起偏鏡)變成偏振光,然后通過盛液管、再由一個可轉動的棱鏡(檢偏鏡)來檢驗偏振光的振動方向和旋轉角度。若使偏振光振動平面向右旋轉,則稱右旋;若使偏振光振動平面向左旋轉,則稱左旋。


    1.JPG


    光活性物質的旋光度與其濃度、測試溫度、光波波長等因素密切相關。但是,在一定條件下,每一種光活性物質的旋光度為一常數,用比旋光度[α]表示:

    2.jpg

       
    其中,α為旋光儀測試值;c為樣品溶液濃度,以lmL溶液所含樣品克數表示;l為盛液管長度,單位為dm;λ為光源波長,通常采用鈉光源,以D表示;t為測試溫度。如果被測樣品為液體,可直接測定而不需配成溶液。求算比旋光度時,只要將其相對密度值(d)代替上式中的濃度值(c)即可:

    3.jpg

    除了比旋光度外,還可用光學純度、左旋和右旋對映體的百分含量以及對映體過量值(Enantiomer Excess,縮寫為e.e.)等來反映光活性物質的純度。
    若設S為旋光異構體混合物中的主要異構體含量,R為其對映異構體含量,則對映體過量e.e.值用下式計算:

    4.jpg


    若設(-)對映體光學純度為X%,則


    5.jpg


    光學純度(P)定義為:實測產物比旋光度與光學純標準對照品的比旋光度之比

    6.jpg


    例如,已知樣品(S)-(-)-2-甲基丁醇的相對密度 =0.8,在20 cm長的盛液管中,其旋光測定值為-8.10,且其標樣 =-5.8(純),則有:


    7.jpg






    使用旋光儀測定手性分子對映體組成是一種傳統和常規的方法,其突出特點在于:
    1.        操作簡便快捷,方法通用性好,可快速反映化合物對映體純度。
    2.        結合文獻資料,對于確定化合物R- or S-構型簡潔有效,經濟實惠而不可缺少。
    3.        對映體雜質,特別是某些大比旋光度雜質往往能顯著影響旋光度的測定結果。在測定方法一致的情況下,這是判斷藥物純度、監測不對稱合成反應(原料與產物的旋光度差別較大或者方向相反的情況下)的一個直觀而有效的方法。


    比旋光度法也有其先天的局限性:
    1.        對多手性中心化合物的光學純度尚無法十分準確地測定。
    2.        旋光度的測量或光學純度的測定受到諸多因素的影響,如偏振光波長及溶劑、溶液的濃度、溫度等,最重要的是,測量值會受到具有大比旋值的雜質的顯著影響(成也蕭何,敗也蕭何!);
    3.        受溶劑影響:化合物殘留溶劑種類和含量的不同,或者用于測量的溶劑種類不同,有可能對測定結果產生明顯影響;同一旋光性物質用不同溶劑、不同pH測定時,由于締合、溶劑化和解離情況不同而使比旋度變化,甚至改變旋光方向。
    4.        需要相對多的樣品量(對于小分子化合物,需用量約20mg),同時化合物的旋光值必須足夠大以獲得可靠的數值。


    旋光測定注意事項:
    由于旋光儀的測量受到上述諸多因素影響,因此測定時要求:
    1、        被測樣品要盡量處理干凈——脫鹽、除溶劑、排除具有較大旋光度雜質存在的可能。
    2、        被測樣品需嚴格稱量,定量溶解,盡量獲得純的產物做對照。
    3、        測量時室內溫度盡量保持恒定。


    特別提醒,用旋光法測定的對映體純度應由另外一種獨立的方法加以確認。手性色譜法測定對映體過量值已經被實踐所證實為最可靠的方法。關于手性色譜法測定e.e.值的攻略,下次詳細講解。哈哈o(∩_∩)o…哈哈

    TAG: 對映體手性光學純度比旋光度

    aa_tang的個人空間aa_tang發布于2008-10-28 23:08:39
    回復 #1 aa_tang 的帖子
    wikipedia 對映體過量值(Enantiomeric excess,e.e.)的介紹

    cuturl('http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess')

    Enantiomeric excess exists where one enantiomer is present more than the other in a chemical substance, and is defined as the absolute difference between the mole fraction of each enantiomer.[1]

    ee = | F + ? F ? |
    where

    F + + F ? = 1
    In practice, it is most often expressed as a percent enantiomeric excess. Enantiomeric excess is used as one of the indicators of the success of an asymmetric synthesis. For mixtures of diastereomers, there are analogous definitions and uses for diastereomeric excess and percent diastereomeric excess.

    As an example, a sample with 70% of R isomer and 30% of S will have an enantiomeric excess of 40%. This can also be thought of as a mixture of 40% pure R with 60% of a racemic mixture (which contributes 30% R and 30% S to the overall composition).

    A non-racemic mixture of two enantiomers will have a net optical rotation. It is possible to determine the specific rotation of the mixture and, with knowledge of the specific rotation of the pure enantiomer, the optical purity can be determined.

    o.p. = ([α]obs / [α]max)[2]
    Ideally, the contribution of each component of the mixture to the total optical rotation is directly proportional to its mole fraction, and as a result the numerical value of the optical purity is identical to the enantiomeric excess. This has led to informal use the two terms as interchangeable, especially because optical purity was the traditional way of measuring enantiomeric excess. However, other methods such as chiral column chromatography and NMR spectroscopy can now be used for measuring the amount of each enantiomer individually.

    The ideal equivalence between enantiomeric excess and optical purity does not always hold. For example,

    the specific rotation of (S)-2-ethyl-2-methyl succinic acid is found to be dependent on concentration
    in what is known as the Horeau effect the relationship between mole based ee and optical rotation based ee can be non-linear i.d. in the succinic acid example the optical activity at 50% ee is lower than expected.
    the specific rotation of enantiopure 1-phenylethanol can be enhanced by the addition of achiral acetophenone as an impurity.
    The term enantiomeric excess was introduced in 1971 by Morrison and Mosher in their publication Asymmetric Organic Reactions. The use of enantiomeric excess has established itself because of its historic ties with optical rotation. It has been suggested that the concept of ee should be replaced by that of er which stands for enantiomeric ratio or er (S:R) [3] or q (S/R) because determination of optical purity has been replaced by other techniques which directly measure R and S and because it simplifies mathematical treatments such as the calculation of equilibrium constants and relative reaction rates. The same arguments are valid for changing diastereomeric excess (de) to diastereomeric ratio (dr).
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