英語摘要的寫法

英語摘要的寫法
Abstract
  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式
Abstract 基本類型： 報道性，指示性，報道－指示性和結構式文摘 注意摘要與前言的區別，有關背景資料（background   information)放前言中 1  基本特性   獨立短文：獨立性   The first studies by Shuford et al. (Polym Eng Sci 1976,16,25) of the effect of draw ratio on the piezoelectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films concluded that the effect of molecular orientation due to draw prior to film polarization was to increase greatly the piezoelectric response.
Compare the results, according to the equations (1), (2), (3), (4), defining inhibition type is competitive one. EI的文摘長度一般不超過150   words，或1500字母。 美國物理學會Style. Manual, 不超過500個單詞。

  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式


2 時態
以一般現在時為主，也使用一般過去時和現在完成時

說法一：從理論上講：
  一般現在時  通過科學實驗取得的研究結果、結論，揭示自然界的客觀規律
  一般過去時  在一定范圍內所觀察到的自然現象的規律性認識，這種認識也許有一定的局限性
  現在完成時  表明過程的延續性，雖某事件（或過程）發生在過去，但強調對現實所產生的影響
   以一般現在時為主，也使用一般過去時和現在完成時

說法二：       EI 數據庫建議：
             用過去時態敘述作者工作；
             用現在時態敘述作者結論。
說法三

論文是通過科學實驗揭示客觀真理。所取得的結果，無論是過去，還是現在或將耒都是如此。故常用現在時表達。
過去時“表達一件過去發生過的事，而且現在已經完結了。”如文中指出發生的曰期和時間是寫文章之前，必須用過去時，例：This was first known in 1930.
許多論文，雖然是作者過去做的工作和得到的結論，然而這些工作和結論并不是達到“完結了”的階段，而是還會有人，也可能是作者本人，繼續研究下去，從而產 生進一步的改進和完善。從這一角度出發，可以用現在完成時來描述已做過的工作，以表達這種延續性。例：Man has not yet discovered an effective cure for the common cold.（人類至今尚未發現一種有效治療感冒的方法。）句中隱含著估計一段時間后也不會發現，但是將耒能否會有，尚有待事實來說明。（參見：周春暉編 著. 科技英語寫作. 北京：化學工業出版社，2003）

   舉例
    一般現在時及其被動語態
   PET films uniaxially drawn in hot water are studied  by means of conventional DSC and modulated DSC (MDSC). …… Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials. The increments of ΔCp at Tg are also interpreted using a three phases model.


一般過去時及其被動語態
An analysis of the cure kinetics of several different formulations composed of bifunctional epoxy resins and aromatic diamines was performed. …… All kinetic parameters of the curing reaction were calculated and reported. Dynamic and isothermal DSC yielded different results. An explanation was offered in terms of different curing mechanism which prevail under different curing conditions. A mechanism scheme was proposed to account for various possible reactions during cure.


現在完成時及其被動語態
The partial molar enthalpies of mixing of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 have been measured at 528K by dropping samples of pure compounds into molten mixtures of NaHSO4 and KHSO4 in Calvet calorimeter. From these values the molar enthalpy of mixing has been deduced.
The phase diagram of this system has been confirmed by conductometric and thermal analysis methods. By an optimization method the excess entropy of the liquid mixtures was also calculated.


  應理解為上述時態是撰寫摘要時常用的幾種時態，有時很難區分它們在含義上的嚴格差異。

  這只是從語法功能的角度將其概念化，實際寫作英文摘要時，這幾種時態并非完全不可互易。


  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式


    3   語態
  目前，英文摘要仍以被動語態具多（見上例），這種語態“可以在主語部分集中較多的信息，起到信息前置，語義鮮明突出的效果。”【1】

  主動語態也偶有出現，并有增長的趨勢，認為“主動語態表達的語句文字清晰、簡捷明快，表現力強，動作的執行者和動作的承受者一目了然，往往那給人一種干凈利落、涇渭分明的感覺。”【1】

主動語態舉例
We report rheological data on anionic polyelectrolyte solutions of variable chain length and concentration, ……

We have studied the dehydration under atmospheric pressure for …… ,NiNa4(PO3)·6H2O ,between 25 and 700℃ by thermal analyses (TG, DTA), infrared spectrometry and X-ray diffraction. ……

……We find that one component (polyimide) controls the permeability values and activation energies for helium permeation in the blends. ……


……To examine the effect of electric field on the aggregation structure of the particles, we observed light scattering of the suspension under an electric field, and found that the scattering pattern became anisotropic. ……

……We demonstrate the thermally activated nature of theβ-PMMA and β-P(VDF-TrFE) relaxation, with activation energies of 29.3 and 13.5 kcal/mol, respectively. ……

……We refer to the lamellar thickening process as a type of secondary crystallization. ……



概括起來：
·作者告訴讀者論述怎樣的主題，可用現在時
·用過去時及其被動語態敘述實驗方法與過程,；表示實驗前業已完成的動作（過去的過去），用過去完成時。例如：
The crystallized samples had been polished before they were etched in a 0.5％ HF solution at a temperature of 25℃ for 2 s ,
·對實驗結果可用現在時（表示客觀真理）或現在完成時（已取得的階段性成果）。


關于結構式文摘

據統計，目前世界上約有60％的核心生物醫學期刊采用結構式摘要，但此種摘要不適合綜述之類的文章。
結構式文摘是按Objective（目的）、Methods（方法）、Results（結果）和Conclusions（結論）逐一闡述論文的梗概。在 Objective項，可直接用動詞不定式的一般式主動語態，如To provide, To explore, …; Methods和Results 項，可用一般過去時（有時也用現在完成時）及其被動語態；Conclusions 則用一般現在時(參見：韓仲琪，李炳汝，王慶法. 醫學論文英文摘要格式及其寫作問題. 編輯學報，2002，14（6）：412)


Objective
動詞不定式開頭
To investigate  …
To study …
To explore …
To examine …
To determine …
To report …
To review …
使用第一人稱時，用凡指的we, the author, the authors ,不用I。
如：In this paper we conclude …


Methods
用完整的句子，以被動句和過去時態為主。

Results
用一般過去時陳述實驗結果。

Conclusions
集中表達作者的學術觀點。

參見：劉雪立.醫學論文英文結構式摘要的寫作，中國科技期刊研究，2003，14（4）：452



  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式


  4  語法修辭

參見：呂萍，曹云立.科技期刊英文摘要的編寫要求.編輯學報，2003，15（1）：35
(1) 力求簡捷
  at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ → at  250 to 300℃
  at a high pressure of 2 kPa → at 2 kPa
  has been found to increase → increased
  from the experimental results, it can be concluded that → the results show
(2) 能用名詞作定語的不用動名詞作定語，那用形容詞作定語的不用名詞作定語
  measuring accuracy →measurement accuracy
  experiment results →experimental results

(3) 可直接用名詞或名詞短語作定語的情況下，要少
     用of句型
  accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy
  structure of crystal → crystal structure
(4) 可用動詞的情況盡量避免用動詞的名詞形式
  Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made →
    Thickness of plastic sheet was measured
  (5) 一個名詞不宜用多個前置形容詞來修飾，可改用
       復合詞，兼用后置定語
       thermal oxidation apparent activation energy →
    apparent active energy of thermo-oxidation

  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式


  5    一個典型示例

   A detailed study of the melting behavior. of oriented isotactic polypropylene has been carried out using differential scanning calorimetry.   The orientation in isotactic polypropylene was produced by extruding it in solid phase.   At extrusion ratio (ER ) greater four, two melting peaks were observed. With increasing ER, the lower temperature peak was found to shift to higher temperature. The corresponding shift in the higher temperature peak was much less.   It is shown that these peaks originate in the melting of crystalline species having different degrees of crystal disorder and stereo-block character.


此例回答了如下四個問題：

  回答做了什么? （研究工作范圍）
   ——用DSC 研究聚丙烯的熔融行為
  回答怎樣做的? （實驗要點）
   ——固體拉伸取向
  回答結果如何? （主要結論）
   ——兩個熔融峰及其隨拉伸比的變化
  回答原因何在? （結果的解釋,結論）
   ——存在不同晶體


  1 基本特性
  2 時態
  3 語態
  4 語法修辭
  5 一個典型示例
  6 化學常用句式


6  化學常用句式

（1）研究范圍
  （to be）carried out
                  performed
                  made
                  conducted

    (to be)  studied
                investigated
    (to be) described


deal with
elucidated
given
presented
developed
employed
derived
prepared
synthesized
monitored
determined
measured


observed
recorded
examined
characterized
identified
tested
calculated
proposed
used to study
used to establish
evaluated
discussed



(2) 實驗要點
（to be） prepared by the reaction of … with …
                synthesized  via  reacting                        
                obtained  via  condensation

  by means of
  by using
  by the use of
  using … as …


over a wide range of …
over a broad composition range
over most of the range of …
over the entire … range
covered the ranges from … to …
in the range of …
in the temperature range from … to …
with a variety of  … contents
containing … percent or more  …

in the presence of …
in the absence of …

（3）主要結論

主動語態（或被動語態）的表達形式（見上
例 ）

用That 從句表示實驗結果
  The results indicated that …
  The results show that …
  The results demonstrated that  …
  The results reveal that  …


由It 引起的that 從句

  It was shown that  …
  It can be seen that …
  It was found that …
  It was discovered that  …
  It was concluded that …
  It has been demonstrated that …


It was clarified that …
It was revealed that …
It is considered that …
It was confirmed that …
It is suggested that …
It was supposed that …
It has become apparent that …


以… to be 后的表語成分表示測定、計算等
  的結果

  The rate constant of the catalytic reaction was calculated to be 5.67x106 cm3 mol-1s-1.

  The theoretical equation was proved to be correct by the experimental results.


表示具有某種影響，以及數量的依賴、增減關系

… 與 … 有關
  … （to be）correlated with …
                       associated with …
                       related to …
                      dependent upon …
                      independent of  …
                      in relation to …


                in a linear relationship with …
                proportional to …
                inversely proportional to  …

       … depends on …
        The dependence of  … on …

        … increase with the increase of …
        … decrease with the increase of …



（不）相符的表示方法

        … (to be) in good agreement with
        … (to be) found to agree well with …
        … (to be) consistent with …
        … (to be) essentially identical with …
        … (to be) found to coincide essentially with …


        … (to be) closely analogous to …
        … (to be) similar to …
        Good agreement (to be) found between …

        … (to be) contrary to …
        … (to be) in contrast with …


（4）結果解釋（結論）
       … (to be) due to       due to
       … (to be) attributed to …
          (may be)
       … (to be) assigned to  …
       … (to be) interpreted on the basis of  …
       … can be caused by  …
       … may be explained by …
       … originate in …

      … (to be) discussed in terms of …