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Terms Used in Relation to Malaria

??? Sporozoite-The infective stage passed in the saliva of the mosquito and formed inside an oocyst by the process of sporogony.

??? Schizont-The stage undergoing asexual division by multiple fission or segmentation. These may be found in the lover cells (pre-erythrocytic schizonts) or in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizonts)

??? Merozoite-Is the product of division by schizogony

??? Trophozoite-Is the stage of the asexual form with an undivided nucleus, seen in the erythrocyte.

??? Microgametocyte-The male gametocyte which produces a number of microgametes.

??? Exflagellation-The process by which microgametes are formed from a microgametocyte.

??? Macrogametocyte-The female gametocyte which produces a single macrogamete.

??? Zygote-The fertilized ovum.

??? Ookinete-The motile stage of the zygote

??? Sporogony-The sexual phase in the life cycle of certain protozoa. In Plasmodia this takes place in the mosquito vector.

??? Romanowsky stain-Mixtures of methylene blue,eosin and methylene azure. Giemsa,? Leishman and Wrights are examples of Romanowsky stain.

??? Schuffner's dots-Pinkish small and round stippling seen on P.vivax and P.ovale infected red cells, in Romanowsky stained films. They appear earlier and in greater numbers in P.ovale than in p.vivax.

??? Maurer's dots-Coarse and irregular stippling seen on P.falciparum infected red cells in Romanowsky stained films.

??? Ziemann's dots-Pinkish small dots sometimes seen in P.malariae infected red cells in Romanowsky stained films.

??? Incubation period-The interval between the entry of sporozoites and the first clinical manifestation.

??? Pre-patent period-The minimum time between the entry of sporozoites and the first appearance of parasites in red cells.

??? Latency-The duration between the primary attack of malaria and the relapse. There are no parasites in the circulation during this period.

??? Paroxysms-bouts of fever due to the liberation of merozoites during the erythrocytic schizogony.

??? Recrudescence-Renewed manifestation of infection due to the survival of erythrocytic forms.

??? Relapse(Recurrence)-Renewed manifestation of infection due to the invasion of blood by merozoites from the late pre-erythrocytic stage (previously known as secondary exo-erythrocytic stage).

??? Re-infection-Renewed manifestation of infection not due to the original infection but resulting from subsequent fresh infection.

??? 瘧疾（Malaria）是世界六大熱帶病和我國五大寄生蟲病之一，對人類危害極大，非洲每年死于malaria的兒童約100萬。malaria主要分布在熱帶、亞熱帶各國，在我國華南、華中的某些地區，特別是云南和海南省尚有不少病例，因此，malaria仍是我國重點防治的寄生蟲病之一。

??? 瘧原蟲屬原生動物亞界--頂復門--孢子綱--瘧原蟲屬。

??? 寄生蟲人體的瘧原蟲有四種：間日瘧原蟲、惡性瘧原蟲、三日瘧原蟲和卵形瘧原蟲。

??? 瘧原蟲經蚊叮咬感染人后引起malaria，典型臨床表現是周期性寒戰、發熱和出汗。

??? 診斷主要靠外周血涂片檢查。

??? 間日瘧原蟲用磷酸氯喹及磷酸伯氨喹治療，惡性瘧原蟲用氯喹，對抗氯喹株則宜用青蒿素類藥物、奎寧、咯萘啶、磺胺多辛和乙胺嘧啶等聯合用藥。

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