考慮到可能污染的特定區域(例如：空氣、水、土壤)化學物質的多樣性，無論是從其復雜性還是花費上來說，分離、鑒別、測定全部污染物都是一項繁雜的任務。在許多情況下適當使用總參量能夠極大地降低必要的檢測量，因而能夠快速評估污染的程度。
Taking into account the diversity of chemicals that can pollute a given environmental area(e.g.，air，water，and soil)，the separation，identiflcation，and determination of all pollutants can be a daunting task with respect to both the complexity and the cost．Application of suitable total parameters could in many cases vastly reduce the number of necessary determinations，thus permitting faster assessment of the degree of pollution．
近10年來化學分析發展很快，有許多新方法和儀器方面的技術被引入分析工作中來[1]。您可以指出一些重要領域，其范圍和新型分析技術的重要性都以相當決的速度擴展，它們包括[2]：
(1)超純物質的制備。此類物質中痕量和超痕量雜質濃度用9的位數來衡量。例如7N代表純度為99．99999％，即其中全部雜質不得超過0．00001％，或0．1ppm。迄今為止最純的合成物質是純度為11N的鍺，其中全部雜質不超過0．01ppb。
(2)生物化學及基因工程。
(3)環境保護。
人們日益認識到環境分析和監測是環境科學的基礎。分析和監測均不能解決所有環境問題，然而它們可作為有力工具，提供關于環境狀況、治理和預防措施的效果以及某些制造技術對環境的影響等方面的信息。
現代分析化學的亮點與儀器進步密切相關，該領域的成就導致不同分析設備在日常工作中的廣泛使用，這些設備通常是高度集成的。微處理器控制，高度機械化，加上人工智能的應用，使得現代儀器越來越自動化。
環境分析和監測中使用的分析方法可給出下列信息：
(1)污染物的元素組成，這是其基本特征。這種信息可以利用諸如氣相色譜聯合多通道原子發射檢測器(GC-AED)獲取。
(2)污染物分類L3[3]。根據國際理論化學和應用化學學會(IUPAC)的定義，分類分析可以確定與表征一種樣品中給定元素存在的各種物理化學形式。可以給出兩種分類分析：物理分類分析(化合物存在的各種形式)和化學分類分析(確定與表征含給定元素的所有化合物)。許多文獻包含特定類型的化學分類的信息(例如：譜學、分布、基團、手性或個別分類)。
(3)總參量表述所有污染物中或者污染物某一子群中給定元素的全部含量。迄今只發表了一篇文章討論總參量評估各種環境區域的污染程度適用性[4]。
考慮到可能污染的特定區域(例如：空氣、水、土壤)的化學物質的多樣性，無論是從其復雜性還是花費上來說，分離、鑒別、測定全部污染物都是一項繁雜的任務。在許多情況下適當使用總參量能夠極大地降低必要的檢測量，因而能夠快速評估污染的程度。然而必須強調的是，兩種方法(分類分析和總參量測定)是充分互補的，不能將它們相互對立起來。
1歷史回顧
表示樣品中有機物含量的兩個總參量，用于水和廢物分析已經很長時間了：化學耗氧量(COD)和生物耗氧量(BOD)。當然，這是由于測定有機全碳(TOC)的儀器的引入，推動了測定不同樣品全組分含量的新方法的發展。早在1931年人們就在考慮測定TOC值，自那之后發表了許多致力于測定各種類型樣品TOC值的儀器及方法方面的文章。
TOC測定的重要性基于兩個主要原因：1)TOC能方便地測量有機廢水中的總污染物，以及地表和廢水中有機物的生物降解度；2)TOC水平對衡量水和廢物處理效率非常有用。同時傳統參數(COD和BOD)具有明顯的缺陷，限制了其使用。BOD的確定基于測定某一時段有機物中生物降解過程消耗的溶解氧量，測量的重現性值得懷疑，靈敏度也不好。另外，只有進行生物降解的化合物才對BOD有貢獻。熔點高的有機物不能用該方法測定。COD需要使用昂貴、有毒的試劑，當樣品中存在某些抗氧化的無機物或者熔點高的有機物時，可能得到不正確的結果。
TOC可用來確定不同有機廢水的污染程度：從電子工業和發電廠使用的高純水到一般工業和城市的廢水。典型TOC水平從開始低于1μg C／dM3(1ppb)到隨后高于1000 mg／dm3 (1000 ppm)。
近年來超純水中TOC水平的測定變得尤其重要，即使水中含有痕量(1ppb或更低)的有機雜質也對制造工藝有害，包括不希望的氧化物沉積、粘著力改變導致的光阻層缺陷以及電性能的改變(如擊穿電壓降低和漏電流過高)。發電廠用水中存在有機物可加速腐蝕。醫藥工業(如輸液的生產)用水中不能存在有機物(尤其是內毒素)。
25年來測定TOC的基本方法沒發生根本性的變化。樣品中的有機物經由兩種方法被氧化成CO2：低溫濕法化學氧化(WCO)及高溫催化氧化(HTCO)，經常使用輔助手段(如紫外輻射)幫助氧化過程。該技術的詳細綜述見文獻[4]。
表1示出總參量分類的一個例子，用于表征水及含有機物廢水的污染程度。這種特殊分類是基于碳組分的測定，污染物中其它元素的類似分類也可做出。
2 在環境分析中的實際應用
隨著第一篇關于測定TOC的新方法、儀器及其在水和廢物分析方面應用文章的發表，又有許多關于總參量在氣態(室內和室外空氣)及固態(土壤和沉積物)樣品分析中應用文章的發表。表2概括了測定氣態樣品中總烴的技術，表3總結了環境分析及監測中使用的大量總參量的文獻資料。必須強調的是，有時使用不同術語描述同一總參量，并且那些術語也經常是含糊不清的。
3 結論
文獻資料表明大量的方法和儀器都可以用來測定不同聚集狀態和來源樣品的總參量。這些方法可以根據許多參數來劃分，包括：
(1)自動化程度。
(2)操作模式(間歇式vs連續式)。
(3)儀器類型(實驗型vs工業型)。
(4)進一步提高處理樣品能力以增加最后結果的信息量。
(5)對某一形式的指定測量要素(如CO2對于幾乎所有含碳的物質)，用作最后的測定技術。
總參量測定是群分類的一個實例。考慮到環境樣品中化學物質可能過剩，總參量測定是分析過程中有價值的第一步。如果要確定潛在的問題，需要采取進一步的措施，包括單一化合物的鑒定，這樣一來，就成了個別分析的例子。
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