奧巴馬就職演講全文及其他

My fellow citizens:

I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition.

Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents.

So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans.

That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet.

These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights.

Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America: They will be met.

On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.

On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics.

We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside childish things. The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.

In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never a given. It must be earned. Our journey has never been one of shortcuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the fainthearted -- for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things -- some celebrated, but more often men and women obscure in their labor -- who have carried us up the long, rugged path toward prosperity and freedom.

For us, they packed up their few worldly possessions and traveled across oceans in search of a new life.

For us, they toiled in sweatshops and settled the West; endured the lash of the whip and plowed the hard earth.

For us, they fought and died, in places like Concord and Gettysburg; Normandy and Khe Sahn.

Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. They saw America as bigger than the sum of our individual ambitions; greater than all the differences of birth or wealth or faction.

This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. Our workers are no less productive than when this crisis began. Our minds are no less inventive, our goods and services no less needed than they were last week or last month or last year. Our capacity remains undiminished. But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decisions -- that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, dust ourselves off, and begin again the work of remaking America.

For everywhere we look, there is work to be done. The state of the economy calls for action, bold and swift, and we will act -- not only to create new jobs, but to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build the roads and bridges, the electric grids and digital lines that feed our commerce and bind us together. We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology's wonders to raise health care's quality and lower its cost. We will harness the sun and the winds and the soil to fuel our cars and run our factories. And we will transform. our schools and colleges and universities to meet the demands of a new age. All this we can do. And all this we will do.

Now, there are some who question the scale of our ambitions -- who suggest that our system cannot tolerate too many big plans. Their memories are short. For they have forgotten what this country has already done; what free men and women can achieve when imagination is joined to common purpose, and necessity to courage.

What the cynics fail to understand is that the ground has shifted beneath them -- that the stale political arguments that have consumed us for so long no longer apply. The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works -- whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end. And those of us who manage the public's dollars will be held to account -- to spend wisely, reform. bad habits, and do our business in the light of day -- because only then can we restore the vital trust between a people and their government.

Nor is the question before us whether the market is a force for good or ill. Its power to generate wealth and expand freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us that without a watchful eye, the market can spin out of control -- and that a nation cannot prosper long when it favors only the prosperous. The success of our economy has always depended not just on the size of our gross domestic product, but on the reach of our prosperity; on our ability to extend opportunity to every willing heart -- not out of charity, but because it is the surest route to our common good.

As for our common defense, we reject as false the choice between our safety and our ideals. Our Founding Fathers, faced with perils we can scarcely imagine, drafted a charter to assure the rule of law and the rights of man, a charter expanded by the blood of generations. Those ideals still light the world, and we will not give them up for expedience's sake. And so to all other peoples and governments who are watching today, from the grandest capitals to the small village where my father was born: Know that America is a friend of each nation and every man, woman and child who seeks a future of peace and dignity, and that we are ready to lead once more.

Recall that earlier generations faced down fascism and communism not just with missiles and tanks, but with sturdy alliances and enduring convictions. They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use; our security emanates from the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.

We are the keepers of this legacy. Guided by these principles once more, we can meet those new threats that demand even greater effort -- even greater cooperation and understanding between nations. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and forge a hard-earned peace in Afghanistan. With old friends and former foes, we will work tirelessly to lessen the nuclear threat, and roll back the specter of a warming planet. We will not apologize for our way of life, nor will we waver in its defense, and for those who seek to advance their aims by inducing terror and slaughtering innocents, we say to you now that our spirit is stronger and cannot be broken; you cannot outlast us, and we will defeat you.

For we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not a weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus -- and nonbelievers. We are shaped by every language and culture, drawn from every end of this Earth; and because we have tasted the bitter swill of civil war and segregation, and emerged from that dark chapter stronger and more united, we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.

To the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West: Know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy. To those who cling to power through corruption and deceit and the silencing of dissent, know that you are on the wrong side of history; but that we will extend a hand if you are willing to unclench your fist.

To the people of poor nations, we pledge to work alongside you to make your farms flourish and let clean waters flow; to nourish starved bodies and feed hungry minds. And to those nations like ours that enjoy relative plenty, we say we can no longer afford indifference to suffering outside our borders; nor can we consume the world's resources without regard to effect. For the world has changed, and we must change with it.

As we consider the road that unfolds before us, we remember with humble gratitude those brave Americans who, at this very hour, patrol far-off deserts and distant mountains. They have something to tell us today, just as the fallen heroes who lie in Arlington whisper through the ages. We honor them not only because they are guardians of our liberty, but because they embody the spirit of service; a willingness to find meaning in something greater than themselves. And yet, at this moment -- a moment that will define a generation -- it is precisely this spirit that must inhabit us all.

For as much as government can do and must do, it is ultimately the faith and determination of the American people upon which this nation relies. It is the kindness to take in a stranger when the levees break, the selflessness of workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job which sees us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter's courage to storm a stairway filled with smoke, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, that finally decides our fate.

Our challenges may be new. The instruments with which we meet them may be new. But those values upon which our success depends -- hard work and honesty, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism -- these things are old. These things are true. They have been the quiet force of progress throughout our history. What is demanded then is a return to these truths. What is required of us now is a new era of responsibility -- a recognition, on the part of every American, that we have duties to ourselves, our nation and the world; duties that we do not grudgingly accept but rather seize gladly, firm in the knowledge that there is nothing so satisfying to the spirit, so defining of our character, than giving our all to a difficult task.

This is the price and the promise of citizenship.

This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny.

This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed -- why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent Mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath.

So let us mark this day with remembrance, of who we are and how far we have traveled. In the year of America's birth, in the coldest of months, a small band of patriots huddled by dying campfires on the shores of an icy river. The capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. At a moment when the outcome of our revolution was most in doubt, the father of our nation ordered these words be read to the people:

“Let it be told to the future world ... that in the depth of winter, when nothing but hope and virtue could survive... that the city and the country, alarmed at one common danger, came forth to meet [it].”

America. In the face of our common dangers, in this winter of our hardship, let us remember these timeless words. With hope and virtue, let us brave once more the icy currents, and endure what storms may come. Let it be said by our children's children that when we were tested, we refused to let this journey end, that we did not turn back, nor did we falter; and with eyes fixed on the horizon and God's grace upon us, we carried forth that great gift of freedom and delivered it safely to future generations.

奧巴馬就職演講摘要

我今天站在這里，因面前的任務感到謙卑，因你們的信任而感激。感謝布什總統為我們國家所做的貢獻，以及在交接工作中的慷慨合作。

經濟

人們擔心美國走下坡路不可避免，挑戰很現實、很嚴肅，不容易解決。但我們必須面對這些挑戰。

今天我們聚集在這里，選擇希望而不是擔心，團結而不是意見，克服抱怨和不切實際的承諾。美國仍然是年輕的國家，現在我們要重新凝聚團結精神，推動一代代傳承的思想。

我們國家是偉大的，這一道路沒有捷徑。對追求名譽、財富、舒適的人，這不是你們的道路。很多無名的人奮斗并且犧牲，做出了貢獻，成就了西方的繁榮。我們看到，個人的犧牲成就了國家財富，我們仍然是最強大的國家，我們的工人仍然是有創造力的，服務是有需求的，沒有受到影響。

但這個時代受到挑戰，短視的利益不合適宜，必須凝聚力量，重新塑造美國。

環視周圍，要求我們作出迅速大膽行動。除了新的工作、基礎設施，還要建設網絡橋梁，推動教育科技的發展，發展清潔能源，培訓大學教師，這些是我們能夠做的，將會做的。

有人質疑我們不會有大計劃。他們忘了國家已有的成就，他們不了解美國發生了轉變。我們的公共資金會妥善分配，恢復人們與政府的寶貴信任。不要再問市場是不是重要的力量，市場分配財富的力量已經變得不均衡，只有支持富人不能繼續下去。重要的是每個人的能力，要關注我們共同的財富和意愿。

安全

我們通過力量保護自我，而不是濫用武器，要謹慎使用武器，這樣才能顯示謙卑。按照這種原則，我們可以應對挑戰，加強各國合作了解，結束伊拉克戰爭，保障阿富汗安全。對通過謀殺無辜者推動自己生活方式的人，你們不可能消滅我們，我們將消滅你們。

外交

美國已經因為內戰、種族分歧受盡苦難，不能夠走回頭路。美國要對這個世界起作用。對于穆斯林國家，我們有共同的利益。對于貧窮國家，我們會站在你們身旁。對于富裕國家，我們不能再忽視其他國家的窘境，不能再浪費資源。

責任感

我們需要一個有責任感的新時代。每個美國人都應認識到對國家、世界的責任。要推動這一責任感，塑造我們的個性。這是每個國民的承諾，是信心來源。

無論什么種族和信仰，今天都可以參加這個偉大的慶典。40多年前，有些人甚至無法出席公共活動，現在卻可以站在這里聽我的發言。

我們必須銘記這一天：我們是誰。在最寒冷的時候，我們的先輩這樣說：讓我們告訴未來的世界，只有希望和美德可以生存。在嚴寒冬天面前，讓我們勇敢面對風暴。我們不會失敗。

謝謝大家，上帝保佑美國。

奧巴馬帶來的視覺沖擊比演說內容還重要

奧巴馬1月20日正式宣誓為美國第44任總統，隨后發表大家期盼已久的就職演說，演說中，奧巴馬回顧先輩篳路藍縷開創美國的艱辛，他也呼吁美國人建立信心、團結一致，專家認為，在演說內容外，更重要的是奧巴馬的背景與美國的現狀，造就了這場演說的代表性。

奧巴馬在就職演說中表示，美國正面臨各種困難，“在這一天，我們聚在一起，因為我們選擇希望而非恐懼，有意義的團結而非紛爭和不合。”

他呼吁美國人建立信心與責任感、克服困難、貢獻自己的力量。“我們現在需要一個勇於負責的新時代，每一個美國人都體認到我們對自己、對國家、對世界負有責任。”

美國維吉尼亞大學(University of Virginia)米勒公共政策中心副教授、總統口述歷史計劃主任萊利(Russell Riley)對多維社表示，這場就職演說最鼓舞人心的地方，是奧巴強調如今美國的統一與偉大，是美國先輩長久以來努力的結果。

“奧巴馬3度回顧美國先輩是如何辛勤建立起美國的經濟、軍隊、社會等，他以過去艱困時刻人民仍懷抱信心為例，指出目前的危機也能化解。”萊利說。

研究種族、政治、總統領導等議題的萊利，著有《種族不對等的總統任職與政治》等書，他表示，奧巴馬在演說中要求人民貢獻心力、盡自己的責任，“奧巴馬把這個當作新政府的一個主題。”

至于這場演說在歷屆總統就職演說中的地位，萊利認為，此次可以說是美國歷史上的就職演說中，具高度鼓舞的一次。“不過我認為其中一個重要的因素是演說者，一個年輕的非裔站在就職演說臺上，在最高法院大法官羅伯斯(John Roberts)的面前宣誓為總統，讓這成為美國歷史上最具代表性的一刻，這樣的視覺沖擊，會反而比就職演說的內容還要重要。”

“這不是說演說內容不夠好，而是新總統這個人的代表性勝過了演說內容。”萊利對多維社說。

不過，真正的挑戰等待前方。萊利指出，對奧巴馬來說，困難才正式開始。“雖然我們不該低估奧巴馬一路走來所遭遇到的困難，他的確做了一些了不起的事，才讓他坐上總統的位置，不過，與目前他將要面對的相比，之前他所遭遇到的困難顯得簡單多了。”

萊利認為，如今的危機嚴重得多，它將測試美國的政策方向與政治體制。“這是一個非對等的政府交接，因為公眾對新總統的期望、對新總統的文化背景在意度上，都與對布什的強度不一樣。”

美國波士頓學院(Boston College)傳播系教授赫貝克(Dale A. Herbeck)則對多維社分析，就職演說讓最多人討論的地方便是：“我們聚在一起，因為我們選擇希望而非恐懼”(we gather because we have chosen hope over fear)。

“我認為這句和另一句話：‘我們準備再次領導’(we are ready to lead once more)，其中有一句可做為這場演說的代表性句子。”研究政治辯論、言論自由、政治溝通、電子媒體等領域的赫貝克說。

著有《美國的演說自由》等書的赫貝克認為，一場演說中令人印象深刻的句子應該是最重要也最能記憶的。“雖然演說也提到一些重要的現況，例如‘烏云密布，時局動蕩’，但我認為最讓人記憶深刻的是最鼓舞人心、最樂觀的部分。”

至于這場演說是否可當作最鼓舞人心的演說之一，赫貝克認為：“你可以說，不管奧巴馬今天說什么，都可以變成美國歷史上最鼓舞人心或最印象深刻的演說。”

赫貝克解釋，首先，奧巴馬是一位非裔總統，他是在美國遭受嚴重挑戰的時刻當選的。“而我們從電視上見到大批的民眾，這其中其實有些誤解，因為他們改變了就職演說的場地，以往的演說是在國會的另一頭舉行的，因此從今日的角度可見到大批人潮。”

“所以也許因為場景、布置，也許因為正打擊美國的危機，也或許這位新總統的背景與演說天賦，讓他說的每一句話都顯得高尚又鼓舞人心，因此，在場景、非裔、挑戰這3個因素影響下，讓我們很難去把這個演說本身定義成一個美國歷史上具代表性或振奮人心的就職演說之一，不過我相信人們在往后回顧這次的演說時，會認為它是一場重要的演說，而演說內容是不是真的讓人傳頌，還要經過時間的考驗。”赫貝克對多維社說。

奧巴馬背負著全世界的高度期望上任，只是，期望越高、當難題無法順利解決時，所帶來的失望也越大。當年小布什剛上任時，遭遇911恐怖攻擊，在事件發生后布什也曾得過高達90%的民調支持度，而如今卻黯然卸任。赫貝克認為，民調對奧巴馬的期望很高，但事實是，奧巴馬要面對的包括經濟、外交等問題都很艱巨，事情不可能在一夜解決，因此上任后，他將如何兌現承諾、如何安排優先順序處理各項問題，都是大家等著看的。

奧巴馬演講缺乏說服力，有三處不當

美國哥倫比亞廣播公司資深政治記者杰夫-格林菲爾德1月20日評價奧巴馬的就職演講說，對于一個曾經用演講激勵了全美國人民、給外國人留下深刻印象的人，奧巴馬的就職演說演講很健談，但是缺乏說服力。他說，“奧巴馬故意避免花里胡哨，用詞很堅定、很簡單，句子很短。語氣很健談，但是不能算得上雄辯。”

格林菲爾德指出了奧巴馬演講的三處不當之處，第一處是奧巴馬對政府角色的態度不明確，說關鍵不在大小，看有沒有發揮作用。格林菲爾德說，“他的意思是，有作用我們就維持，沒用就廢掉，這是很明顯的實用主義。”

第二處奧巴馬表現得得意洋洋，將個人置于美國經歷的核心，格林菲爾德說，“他好像在暗示，我或許是個丑丑的黑孩子，但是我是美國思想的主流。”

第三處在奧巴馬演講的結尾處，他提到了自己的種族身份，說“六十年前，一位父親走入餐廳甚至無人理睬，而今天他的兒子可以站在這里，在你們面前許下最莊嚴的誓言。”格林菲爾德評價說，奧巴馬最終用一種非常個人化的方式表達了人民對他的種族議論。