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《科學》（20240524出版）一周論文導讀
Science,??24 MAY 2024, Volume 384 Issue 6698
《科學》2024年5月24日，第384卷，6698期
天文學Astronomy
Strong damped Lyman-α absorption in young star-forming galaxies at redshifts 9 to 11
在紅移9到11的年輕恒星形成星系中強烈阻尼的萊曼α吸收
▲?作者：KASPER E. HEINTZ, DARACH WATSON et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0343
▲?摘要：
我們分析了韋布空間望遠鏡（JWST）拍攝到的紅移為±8的遙遠星系的近紅外光譜。從包含12個星系的樣本中，我們確定了3個由于其局部環境中的中性原子氫而表現出強烈的阻尼萊曼α吸收的星系。
這些星系的光譜紅移值分別為8.8、10.2和11.4，對應于宇宙大爆炸后的4億到6億年。它們的中性原子氫密度≥1022?cm?2，這比預期中的中性星系間介質要高一個數量級，并且構成了一個富含氣體的年輕恒星形成星系群。
▲ Abstract：
We analyzed James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) near-infrared spectroscopy of distant galaxies, at redshifts ?8. From a sample of 12 galaxies, we identified three that show strong damped Lyman-α absorption due to H i in their local surroundings. The galaxies are located at spectroscopic redshifts of 8.8, 10.2, and 11.4, corresponding to 400 to 600 million years after the Big Bang. They have H i column densities ?1022?cm?2, which is an order of magnitude higher than expected for a fully neutral intergalactic medium, and constitute a gas-rich population of young star-forming galaxies.
材料科學Materials Science
Unrecoverable lattice rotation governs structural degradation of single-crystalline cathodes
不可恢復的晶格旋轉控制著單晶陰極的結構退化
▲?作者：WEIYUAN HUANG, TONGCHAO LIU et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1675
▲?摘要：
利用多尺度空間分辨率衍射和成像技術，我們觀察到晶格旋轉在單晶陰極中普遍存在，并在結構退化中起關鍵作用。
這些晶格旋轉被證明是不可恢復的，并且在重復的循環中控制著不利晶格畸變的積累，導致結構和機械退化以及容量加速衰退。這些發現彌補了之前在快速性能失效和原子尺度結構退化之間的機制聯系方面存在的知識差距。
▲ Abstract：
Leveraging multiscale spatial resolution diffraction and imaging techniques, we observe that lattice rotations occur universally in single-crystalline cathodes and play a pivotal role in the structure degradation. These lattice rotations prove unrecoverable and govern the accumulation of adverse lattice distortions over repeated cycles, contributing to structural and mechanical degradation and fast capacity fade. These findings bridge the previous knowledge gap that exists in the mechanistic link between fast performance failure and atomic-scale structure degradation.
Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices
低維氮雜環卡賓晶格的合成與表征
▲?作者：BOYU QIE, ZIYI WANG et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9814
▲?摘要：
在此，我們展示了一種模塊化的方法來設計一維金屬有機鏈和二維Kagome晶格，使用NHC-Au-NHC結的FMOs來創建具有固有金屬性的低維分子網絡。
掃描隧道光譜和第一性原理密度泛函理論揭示了C–Au–C π-鍵態對具有極小功函數的一維和二維NHC晶格色散帶的貢獻。
▲ Abstract：
Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC–Au–NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C–Au–C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work functions.
醫學Medicine
Impact of early visual experience on later usage of color cues
早期視覺經驗對后期色彩線索使用的影響
▲?作者：MARIN VOGELSANG, LUKAS VOGELSANG et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9587
▲?摘要：
人類的視覺識別對顏色變化非常敏感。在這項研究中，通過對10名先天失明、后期重獲視力的兒童的觀察，我們對這種恢復力的根源提供了一種潛在的解釋。
在他們的視力恢復手術后的幾個月或幾年里，顏色線索的移除顯著降低了他們的識別能力，而正常視力的同齡兒童中則沒有這種情況。這一發現可以解釋為視力恢復兒童在重獲視力時的顏色系統比普通新生兒更成熟，導致對顏色線索的過度依賴。我們用深度神經網絡進行的模擬證實了這一假設。
這些發現突出了典型發育軌跡的適應性意義，并為增強機器視覺系統提供了指導。
▲ Abstract：
Human visual recognition is remarkably robust to chromatic changes. In this work, we provide a potential account of the roots of this resilience based on observations with 10 congenitally blind children who gained sight late in life. Several months or years following their sight-restoring surgeries, the removal of color cues markedly reduced their recognition performance, whereas age-matched normally sighted children showed no such decrement. This finding may be explained by the greater-than-neonatal maturity of the late-sighted children’s color system at sight onset, inducing overly strong reliance on chromatic cues. Simulations with deep neural networks corroborate this hypothesis. These findings highlight the adaptive significance of typical developmental trajectories and provide guidelines for enhancing machine vision systems.
生物學Biology
Crows “count” the number of self-generated vocalizations
烏鴉會給自己ID叫聲“計數”
▲?作者：DIANA A. LIAO, KATHARINA F. BRECHT et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0984
▲?摘要：
有目的地發出特定數量的聲音需要數字能力和聲音控制的復雜結合。除人類之外，動物是否具備這種能力還不得而知。
我們發現，烏鴉可以靈活地發出一到四種不同數量的聲音，以響應與數值相關的任意信息。第一聲的聲學特征可預測發聲的總次數，表明整個發聲過程是有計劃的。此外，發聲單元的聲學特征預測了它們在的順序，可用于讀出發聲過程中的計數錯誤。
▲ Abstract：
Producing a specific number of vocalizations with purpose requires a sophisticated combination of numerical abilities and vocal control. Whether this capacity exists in animals other than humans is yet unknown. We show that crows can flexibly produce variable numbers of one to four vocalizations in response to arbitrary cues associated with numerical values. The acoustic features of the first vocalization of a sequence were predictive of the total number of vocalizations, indicating a planning process. Moreover, the acoustic features of vocal units predicted their order in the sequence and could be used to read out counting errors during vocal production.
古植物學Paleobotany
Rice’s trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia
水稻在東亞從野生到馴化的軌跡
▲?作者：JIANPING ZHANG, LEPING JIANG et al.
▲?鏈接：
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade4487
▲?摘要：
在此，我們提供了從中國長江下游附近的上山和荷花山兩個考古遺址中取樣的水稻植物化石的證據。我們證明了至少在10萬年前就已生長野生稻，它作為一種采集資源的最初開發大約在2.4萬年之前，它的前馴化栽種大約在1.3萬年之前，最終在1.1萬年之前完成馴化。
這些發展階段表明了漫長的東亞水稻馴化過程，并將谷物進化的連續記錄延伸到新月沃地以外。
▲ Abstract：
Here, we present evidence of rice phytoliths sampled from two archaeological sites in China, Shangshan and Hehuashan, near the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. We demonstrate the growth of wild rice at least 100,000 years before present, its initial exploitation as a gathered resource at about 24,000 years before present, its predomestication cultivation at about 13,000 years before present, and eventually its domestication at about 11,000 years before present. These developmental stages illuminate a protracted process of rice domestication in East Asia and extend the continuous records of cereal evolution beyond the Fertile Crescent.
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